Analysis of Kazakhstan's Digital Asset Taxation and Regulatory Policies

1. National Overview

Kazakhstan is a landlocked country spanning the Eurasian continent, which declared independence on December 16, 1991. The country is composed of 14 regions and 3 cities of national significance, with the official languages being Kazakh and Russian, and the legal currency being the Tenge. As a country in Central Asia with relatively rapid economic development and a stable political situation, Kazakhstan has been active in the digital asset sector. As of March 2025, there are 75 officially registered mining companies in the country.

2. Definition of digital asset

According to relevant laws, digital assets are defined as property created in electronic digital form, with specific digital codes, and registered and protected through distributed data platform technology. Digital assets can serve as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value, but are not issued or guaranteed by the government and must be distinguished from legal tender and electronic currency.

3. Tax Policy

3.1 General Tax System Overview

The main tax types in Kazakhstan include corporate income tax, personal income tax, value-added tax, and others. The corporate income tax rate is generally 20%, the personal income tax rate for residents is 10%, and for non-residents, it is generally 20%. The standard VAT rate is 12%.

3.2 digital asset tax policy

Starting from January 1, 2024, the electricity tax rate for digital asset mining will be unified at 2 KZT/kWh. When using renewable energy, it will be calculated at 1 KZT/kWh. Digital asset enterprises are required to pay a corporate income tax of 20%, and individuals selling digital assets must pay personal income tax. Digital asset transactions are exempt from value-added tax.

4. Regulatory Policies and Dynamics

4.1 Regulatory Framework

The Astana International Financial Centre ( AIFC ) is the main institution for regulating digital assets. The "Digital Assets Law" passed in 2023 provides a legal basis for digital asset activities. Overall, Kazakhstan has an open attitude towards digital assets and promotes innovation through a regional pilot strategy.

4.2 Latest Updates

In 2025, Kazakhstan accelerated the construction of the digital asset regulatory system:

1. The national bank released the report "Development of National Digital Financial Infrastructure" to promote the "Digital Geng" project.

2. The government plans to establish a more extensive infrastructure for the legal circulation of digital assets and revise relevant laws.

3. Launch digital financial asset ( DFA ), creating opportunities for asset tokenization.

4. Introduce a licensing system for digital asset trading service providers.

5. Establish a pilot area called "CryptoCity" to explore the application of digital assets in daily transactions.

6. Launch the "Crypto Card" project to integrate digital assets with existing payment systems.

7. Plan multiple pilot projects, including the issuance of stablecoins, asset tokenization, and storage of digital assets.

5. Conclusion

Kazakhstan is actively improving the regulatory system for digital assets and building modern digital financial infrastructure, striving to become a leader in the digital asset field in Central Asia. These measures not only lay the foundation for the development of the digital asset industry but also help promote the diversification of the national economy and enhance international competitiveness.